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Scapula


GENERAL BONY FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA

It has two surfaces:

  • The costal surface (also called subscapular fossa, ventral surface) is marked by three longitudinal ridges.

  • The dorsal surface is attached to the spine of the scapula. This spine divides this surface into a smaller supraspinous and a larger infraspinous fossa. Lateral to the root of this spine, there is present a spinoglenoid notch which connects the two fossae.

 

It has three borders:

  • The superior border is thin and short and has a suprascapular notch (near the root of the coracoids process)

  • The lateral border is thick. It has the infraglenoid tubercle, at its upper end.

  • The medial border is thin and extends from medial border to the superior border.

 

It has three angles:

  • The superior angle

  • The inferior angle

  • The lateral angle (also called glenoid angle). It has glenoid fossa

 

It has three processes:

  • The spinous process (also called spine). It is present on the dorsal surface of the scapula.

  • The acromion

  • The coracoids process

 

ATTACHMENTS OF THE SCAPULAR BONE

Muscles that are inserted on scapula:

 

Muscles that arises from scapula:

  • The inferior belly of omohyoid arises from the suprascapular notch

  • Teres major arises from the dorsal aspect of the lateral border

  • The teres minor arises from the dorsal aspect of the lateral border just above the teres major

  • The long head of the triceps brachii originates from the infraglenoid tubercle

  • Coracobrachialis arises from the tip of the coracoids process

  • The long head of the biceps brachii originates from the supraglenoid tubercle, whereas the short head originates from the coracoids process

  • Deltoid arises from the crest of the spine and from acromion

  • Infraspinatus arises from the infraspinous fossa and some lower surface of the spine

  • Supraspinatus arises from the supraspinous fossa

  • Subscapularis arises from the subscapular fossa

 

Ligaments that are attached to the scapula:

Spinoglenoid ligament (bridges spinoglenoid cavity), supraspinous ligament (bridges suprascapular notch), coracoclavicular ligament, coracohumeral ligament, coracoacromial ligament and the capsule of the shoulder joint (attached to the margins of the glenoid cavity).

 

SOME CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE SCAPULA

  • The scapular bone due to its structure, mobility and complex covering of the surrounding muscles is rarely fractured. If fracture occurs that means there was a severe chest trauma and most of the time the fractured pieces of the bone are held at its place due to the thick and complex layers of the muscles covering it

  • If there is paralysis of serratus anterior muscle then the winging of the scapula occurs. It means the medial border of the bone becomes abnormally prominent on the back of the person and the arm of the winged scapula side is not abducted beyond 90 degree

  • There may be abnormal scapular function which is called scapular dyskinesis.



GENERAL BONY FEATURES OF THE SCAPULA

It has two surfaces:

  • The costal surface (also called subscapular fossa, ventral surface) is marked by three longitudinal ridges.

  • The dorsal surface is attached to the spine of the scapula. This spine divides this surface into a smaller supraspinous and a larger infraspinous fossa. Lateral to the root of this spine, there is present a spinoglenoid notch which connects the two fossae.

 

It has three borders:

  • The superior border is thin and short and has a suprascapular notch (near the root of the coracoids process)

  • The lateral border is thick. It has the infraglenoid tubercle, at its upper end.

  • The medial border is thin and extends from medial border to the superior border.

 

It has three angles:

  • The superior angle

  • The inferior angle

  • The lateral angle (also called glenoid angle). It has glenoid fossa

 

It has three processes:

  • The spinous process (also called spine). It is present on the dorsal surface of the scapula.

  • The acromion

  • The coracoids process

 

ATTACHMENTS OF THE SCAPULAR BONE

Muscles that are inserted on scapula:

 

Muscles that arises from scapula:

  • The inferior belly of omohyoid arises from the suprascapular notch

  • Teres major arises from the dorsal aspect of the lateral border

  • The teres minor arises from the dorsal aspect of the lateral border just above the teres major

  • The long head of the triceps brachii originates from the infraglenoid tubercle

  • Coracobrachialis arises from the tip of the coracoids process

  • The long head of the biceps brachii originates from the supraglenoid tubercle, whereas the short head originates from the coracoids process

  • Deltoid arises from the crest of the spine and from acromion

  • Infraspinatus arises from the infraspinous fossa and some lower surface of the spine

  • Supraspinatus arises from the supraspinous fossa

  • Subscapularis arises from the subscapular fossa

 

Ligaments that are attached to the scapula:

Spinoglenoid ligament (bridges spinoglenoid cavity), supraspinous ligament (bridges suprascapular notch), coracoclavicular ligament, coracohumeral ligament, coracoacromial ligament and the capsule of the shoulder joint (attached to the margins of the glenoid cavity).

 

SOME CLINICAL ASPECTS OF THE SCAPULA

  • The scapular bone due to its structure, mobility and complex covering of the surrounding muscles is rarely fractured. If fracture occurs that means there was a severe chest trauma and most of the time the fractured pieces of the bone are held at its place due to the thick and complex layers of the muscles covering it

  • If there is paralysis of serratus anterior muscle then the winging of the scapula occurs. It means the medial border of the bone becomes abnormally prominent on the back of the person and the arm of the winged scapula side is not abducted beyond 90 degree

  • There may be abnormal scapular function which is called scapular dyskinesis.

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